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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Identifikationsproblem</span></h1>
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<p>Mit dem <b>Identifikationsproblem</b> bezeichnet man in der <a href="Statistik" title="Statistik">Statistik</a>, vor allem in der <a href="%C3%96konometrie" title="Ökonometrie">Ökonometrie</a>, den Umstand, dass eine, mehrere oder alle <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichungen</a> eines Modells nicht eindeutig identifiziert werden können, da mehrere numerische <a href="Spezifikation_(Statistik)" title="Spezifikation (Statistik)">Spezifikationen</a> der Parameter eine Lösung des Gleichungssystems darstellen.
</p><p>Es kann dann nicht herausgefunden werden, welche Spezifikation der wahren Struktur des Modells entspricht. Die verschiedenen Spezifikationen sind <i>beobachtungsäquivalent</i>. Dies entsteht vor allem, wenn eine Gleichung alle Modellvariablen enthält, da sie dann als Lineartransformation aus den anderen Gleichungen hergestellt werden kann.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifizierbarkeit">Identifizierbarkeit</h2></div>
<p>Eine Struktur ist identifizierbar, wenn keine andere Struktur dieselbe reduzierte Form hat, d.&nbsp;h. wenn von Parametern der reduzierten Form eindeutig auf die Parameter der Strukturform geschlossen werden kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lösungsansätze"><span id="L.C3.B6sungsans.C3.A4tze"></span>Lösungsansätze</h2></div>
<p>Identifikation kann erreicht werden, indem man entweder weitere Modellvariablen hinzufügt oder indem man Variablen aus einzelnen Gleichungen ausschließt. Auf diese Weise sind die Gleichungen <a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">linear unabhängig</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Das Modell
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1t}=\alpha x_{1t}+\beta x_{2t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1t}=\alpha x_{1t}+\beta x_{2t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a297dbc56534895a110ccd8dad879c45552f4e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.501ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1t}=\alpha x_{1t}+\beta x_{2t}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{2t}=\omega y_{1t}+\gamma x_{1t}+\delta x_{2t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{2t}=\omega y_{1t}+\gamma x_{1t}+\delta x_{2t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13e6d70d938e91d6b3c9ce48b22ade73e08f163c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.066ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{2t}=\omega y_{1t}+\gamma x_{1t}+\delta x_{2t}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{3t}=\xi y_{1t}+\phi x_{1t}+\psi x_{3t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{3t}=\xi y_{1t}+\phi x_{1t}+\psi x_{3t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7413ed98cb476196235150f27ca5e2c8558ee18f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.237ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{3t}=\xi y_{1t}+\phi x_{1t}+\psi x_{3t}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wäre nicht identifiziert, da man für gegebene Beobachtungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1,2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1,2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a722bc42bd90aa8f4f6915385ccfe52a9f5f8c57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.663ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1,2}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht entscheiden kann, welche der Variablen y man denn nun geschätzt hat. Es würde aber identifiziert, wenn jede Gleichung noch eine Variable enthielte, die in den anderen nicht enthalten ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1t}=\alpha x_{1t}+\beta x_{2t}+z_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1t}=\alpha x_{1t}+\beta x_{2t}+z_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be46da2bee4e4529d5879c2ad918f64079c1c03d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.477ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1t}=\alpha x_{1t}+\beta x_{2t}+z_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{2t}=\omega y_{1t}+\gamma x_{1t}+\delta x_{2t}+z_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{2t}=\omega y_{1t}+\gamma x_{1t}+\delta x_{2t}+z_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/118da9680af58cf1d43c2d097097dd44a2f05121.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.041ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{2t}=\omega y_{1t}+\gamma x_{1t}+\delta x_{2t}+z_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{3t}=\xi y_{1t}+\phi x_{1t}+\psi x_{3t}+z_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{3t}=\xi y_{1t}+\phi x_{1t}+\psi x_{3t}+z_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cff04324edc7b8197f94a1195d9bfb19eada3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.213ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{3t}=\xi y_{1t}+\phi x_{1t}+\psi x_{3t}+z_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifikationskriterien">Identifikationskriterien</h2></div>
<p>Es ergeben sich bereits aus dem Beispiel zwei Möglichkeiten der Identifikation:
<i>Abzählkriterium</i> und <i>Rangkriterium</i>
</p><p>Das Abzählkriterium reicht in der Regel völlig aus. Es besagt: aus jeder der G Gleichungen müssen G-1 Modellvariablen ausgeschlossen werden, dann ist jede Gleichung und damit das Modell identifiziert.
Im o.a. Beispiel müssten G-1, also je zwei, Variablen ausgeschlossen werden. Im nicht identifizierten Fall schließt die zweite Gleichung lediglich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e73a90104a9b6484a6bc2df35edf469d6307b2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus, die dritte lediglich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7377c7399e662562cd420fa5c7ce49cfba574998.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Im modifizierten Fall schließt die zweite Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e73a90104a9b6484a6bc2df35edf469d6307b2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3621e468231ab352b7caa30bcf0ce9b452241a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91d5bb8bf0e4b1fb0015e4f412632d57b3d6771a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus, die dritte Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7377c7399e662562cd420fa5c7ce49cfba574998.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3621e468231ab352b7caa30bcf0ce9b452241a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5abf655fa14f7ea44ad0ca781b59ff59c5f49117.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit ist das Modell identifiziert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Peter von der Lippe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Das Identifikationsproblem in der Ökonometrie</cite>. In: Universität Duisburg-Essen, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Diskussionsbeiträge</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>127</span>, Juli 2003 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/udewwd/127.html">IDEAS-Eintrag mit Downloadmöglichkeit</a> [abgerufen am 28.&nbsp;Januar 2011]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Identifikationsproblem&amp;rft.atitle=Das+Identifikationsproblem+in+der+%C3%96konometrie&amp;rft.au=Peter+von+der+Lippe&amp;rft.date=2003-07&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=127&amp;rft.jtitle=Diskussionsbeitr%C3%A4ge" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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